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Updated March 25, People often suppose that archaeology can solve the problem, but this is seldom the case. Metal rusts and wood rots, and battlefields were picked clean of valuables by scavengers and bodies were carted away to be buried in grave pits. The battle of Falkirk, fought between Edward I and William Wallace in , was one of the largest engagements in medieval Britain, with almost 30, men on the English side alone, but not so much as a single arrowhead has ever been unearthed.
Happily, however, the case for Battle is well grounded, because William built an abbey to mark the site, which still stands today. The tradition that states he did this was not, as conspiracy theorists assert, invented by the monks of Battle in the late 12th century, but stretches right back to the time of the Conqueror himself. The size of the armies on both sides at Hastings is unknown, but neither is likely to have exceeded 10, men.
Many were killed during the battle, but thousands more would die in the years that followed, as English resistance led to Norman repression. In the winter of —70, after a combined English rebellion and Danish invasion, William laid waste to England north of the Humber, destroying crops and livestock so that the region could not support human life. Famine followed, and, according to a later chronicler, , people perished as a result. Modern analysis of the data in Domesday Book suggests that a drop in population of this magnitude did indeed occur.
Savage in their warfare, William and the Normans were more civilised in their politics. Before , the English political elite had routinely resorted to murdering their political rivals, as they would do again in the later Middle Ages. But for more than two centuries after the Conquest, chivalry prevailed, and political killing became taboo.
Waltheof of Northumbria, beheaded in , was the only earl to be executed after the Norman takeover. The next execution of an earl in England occurred in , some years later.
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